SUNSTONE
Sunstone’s phenomenal varieties show a distinct and lively glitter called aventurescence.
Sunstone Description
Gem connoisseurs and innovative jewelry designers often seek the subtle beauty of lesser-known—but still intriguing and unique—gemstones. Some of those are members of the feldspar group.
The feldspar group’s wide variety of unusual gems includes moonstone, non-phenomenal orthoclase, phenomenal and non-phenomenal labradorite, sunstone, and amazonite. Of these feldspars, moonstone is a constant favorite, while sunstone from Oregon is gaining attention as a natural and untreated product of the United States.
Although sunstone and moonstone are both members of the feldspar group, the resemblance stops there. While cool moonstone’s phenomenal varieties offer a soft and gentle adularescent glow, warm sunstone’s phenomenal varieties show a distinct and lively glitter called aventurescence. Aventurescence is a sparkly, metallic-looking luster caused by flat, reflective inclusions, sometimes called “schiller” by sunstone fanciers.
The feldspar group has many members. Some are suitable for jewelry use, some aren’t. Members of the feldspar group vary slightly in chemical composition, and those variations produce a variety of gemstones that differ widely in appearance.
There are two main branches of the feldspar family tree—feldspars that contain potassium and feldspars that contain a mixture of calcium and sodium.
Two species of feldspars contain potassium. These are orthoclase, which includes the gem varieties moonstone and orthoclase sunstone; and microcline, which includes the gem variety amazonite. A non-phenomenal form of orthoclase feldspar appears in jewelry on rare occasions. Sometimes faceted, its hue is usually a transparent yellow.
Plagioclase feldspars contain a mixture of calcium and sodium, and they have slightly different compositions. The gem species in this feldspar family include labradorite and oligoclase.
Not all feldspars that bear the name “sunstone” are from the same side of the feldspar family—both the orthoclase and the plagioclase species boast a sunstone feldspar variety. The name sunstone refers to the gem’s appearance rather than to its chemical makeup.
There are many sunstone varieties. If aventurescence is present, gemologists call it aventurine feldspar. The aventurine feldspar from India has a red-brown bodycolor and sunny glitter. It’s perhaps the best-known sunstone variety, but that situation has been changing.
The US state of Oregon produces a number of sunstone varieties. The increasing supply from the area has made sunstone more available to the general public. Because many of the sunstone types are unique to the rugged high-desert area in South Central Oregon, they’re being marketed as “all-American” gemstones.
Although most sunstones have yellow, orange, or brown bodycolor, not all sunstones are aventurescent. The appearance of the phenomenon depends upon the size of the inclusions. Small inclusions create a reddish or golden sheen on top of any bodycolor. Larger inclusions create attractive, glittery reflections. Sunstone inclusions can be hematite, copper, or some other mineral.
In the early 2000s, a material marketed as Tibetan sunstone or Tibetan andesine generated an ongoing controversy. Experts from several gemological laboratories examined the stones, visited the areas said to be their sources, and investigated recently developed gem treatment processes. Their findings indicated that the material might have been pale andesine from Mongolia that had been treated by infusion with copper to give it lively coloring.
WHY WE LOVE THIS GEMSTONE
GLITTERY: Reflective inclusions in sunstone’s phenomenal varieties cause a distinct and lively glitter called aventurescence.
NATURAL: Oregon sunstone’s colors don’t result from treatment. The gem’s all natural and it’s mined in the United States.
“SPINEL RED”: Red-colored Oregon sunstone is often marketed to consumers as “spinel red.” Its vivid hue rivals spinel and even ruby.
INFORMATION
MINERAL: Feldspar
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
Orthoclase - KAlSi3O8
Oligoclase and labradorite - solid solution between NaAlSi3O8 and CaAl2Si2O8
COLOR: Yellow, green, red, red-brown, colorless
REFRACTIVE INDEX:
Orthoclase sunstone - 1.518 to 1.526
Oligoclase sunstone - 1.537 to 1.547
Labradorite sunstone - 1.559 to 1.568
BIREFRINGENCE:
Orthoclase - 0.005 to 0.008
Oligoclase and labradorite - 0.007 to 0.010
SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
Orthoclase - 2.58
Oligoclase - 2.65
Labradorite - 2.70
MOHS HARDNESS: 6.0 – 7.2
